Networking Standards

Who creates a formal standards?

        An official industry or government group creates a formal standard. For example, formal standards exist for Web browsers (e.g., HTTP, HTML), network layer software (e.g., IP), data link layer software (e.g., Ethernet IEEE 802.3), and physical hardware (e.g., Ethernet IEEE 802.3). (e.g., V.90 modems).Formal standards take several years to establish, during which time technology evolves and makes them outdated.

 standards that are categorized in one of two ways 

De facto

    De facto refers to something that has happened in the past or is proven to be true. Without any formal planning, these standards are developed. Because of historical developments, these standards have emerged. Many organizations around the world continue to follow these guidelines. The widely accepted SNA is an example of this.

De jure

    De jure refers to a legal or regulatory framework. These standards were created after extensive research to meet the needs of data communication. The following are the major organizations that develop communication protocols and standards:

1. American national standard institute (ANSI)
2. Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE)
3. International standard organization (ISO)
4. International telecommunications union – telecommunication standards sector (itu-t)
5. The electronic industries association (EIA)

                                                :Click above for detail:

OOP

 What is OOP ?

        OOP stands for Object-oriented programming . the computer programming model based on the concept of "objects" . in OOP software is organized around data or object instead of function and logic .

        OOP focuses on the objects that developers want to handle rather than the logic required to handle them. This approach to programming is well-suited for programs that are large, complex and needs actively updates or to be  maintained. This includes programs for manufacturing and design, as well as mobile applications; for example, OOP can be used for manufacturing system simulation software.

        In OOP projects are divided into groups .plus benefits of OOP include code reusability, scalability and efficiency.

 The structure of object-oriented programming

The structure building blocks of object-oriented programming are  four as follows:

-  Classes

-  OBJECTS

-  Methods

-  Attributes / properties

• Classes are user-defined data types that act as the blueprint for individual objects, attributes and methods.
• Objects are instances of a class created with specifically defined data. Objects can correspond to real-world objects or an abstract entity. When class is defined initially, the description is the only object that is defined.
• Methods are functions that are defined inside a class that describe the behaviors of an object. Each method contained in class definitions starts with a reference to an instance object. Additionally, the subroutines contained in an object are called instance methods. Programmers use methods for reusability or keeping functionality encapsulated inside one object at a time.
• Attributes are defined in the class template and represent the state of an object. Objects will have data stored in the attributes field. Class attributes belong to the class itself.

There are four main principles of OOP:

1- Encapsulation.

2- Abstraction.

3- Inheritance. 

4- Polymorphism.

1- Encapsulation.

      This principle states that all important information is contained inside an object and only select information is exposed.

2- Abstraction.

     Objects only reveal internal mechanisms that are relevant for the use of other objects, hiding any unnecessary implementation code.

3- Inheritance.

     Classes can reuse code from other classes. Relationships and subclasses between objects can be assigned, enabling developers to reuse common logic while still maintaining a unique hierarchy.

4- Polymorphism.

     Objects are designed to share behaviors and they can take on more than one form. The program will determine which meaning or usage is necessary for each execution of that object from a parent class, reducing the need to duplicate code .

Popular pure OOP languages include:

• Ruby

• Scala

• JADE

• Emerald

Programming languages designed primarily for OOP include:

• Java

• Python

• C++

In any next blog we will Discuss about OOP benefits .

E.R Models

 

PHYTHON

 

Python

  Python is a relatively new programming language since it was released in 1989. Still, it has got the attention of programmers and organizations after 2000, when new features and large-scale computations were added. A python is an object-oriented programming language.

     Python is one of the easiest languages to use and work with. Python can create a framework for basically any website need. This language uses simple and straightforward syntax, making it easy for web developers to work with and explain to their users. Some familiar sites that are using this language are Pinterest and Instagram. Python is the fastest-growing programming language.

     The simplicity of coding even complicated structures in Python is a big reason why web application development using Python is on the rise. Python helps software engineers cut development time from hours to minutes.

       You can use Python for web development, Data Science, Scripting, and Automation. Similar to JavaScript, Python also enjoys huge community support and has a lot of useful frameworks, libraries, and tools that can help you create a web application in quick time. Python is also a good programming language to learn Coding

     Its huge standard library and its compatibility with major systems make it come handy for enterprise app developers. Also, it’s easy syntax makes reading and redesigning quite easier.

 

  

   The most favored artificial intelligence programming language among developers that will be boosting in rank in 2020. For beginners, Python is perfect because it is simple, easy to learn, and powerful to create web applications and automation. Python is the best programming language for AI comparing to Java, C#, C++, and Ruby because it supports a functional, object-oriented and procedural-oriented programming approach.

           When compared to other object-oriented programming languages such as Java or C/C++, less coding work is required in Python saving a lot of time. However, it can get messy and complicated for massive projects because of its inability to spot errors as it is an interpreted language. Python is the ideal coding language used for machine learning, NLP, and neural network connections. Python can be used even if you are new to AI development since it is flexible and comes with pre-existing libraries like Pandas, SciPy, and nltk. Python language is lauded for its simple syntax and minimal codes.

 

        Nowadays python is gaining popularity in market. Python undoubtedly tops the list. It is widely accepted as the best programming language to learn first. Python is a fast, easy-to-use, and easy-to-deploy programming language that is being widely used to develop scalable web applications. YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest  are all build in Python coding. Python provides excellent library support and has a large developer community. The programming language provides a great starting point for beginners. Those who are looking for a better job  should definitely learn Python ASAP. A lot of Beginners are using Python as their primary backend stack .

Pros

·         The most noticeable advantage of Python, without a doubt, is the ease of use. New users can learn Python faster than any other language.

·         It is an open-source language with hundreds of built-in libraries; new features are being added to the language continuously, reducing the programmer's efforts.

·         It is paving the way to IoT(Internet of things), machine learning, and data science projects.

                                                                           Cons

·         Unlike other compiled languages, Python is an interpreted language, which may reduce speed. For example, it is slower than C or C++.

·         Python interprets one thread (instruction) simultaneously, and single-threaded programs can cause a decline inefficiency. It needs a lot of memory to perform complicated tasks.

·         Not an excellent option to work with the problematic database.

Which language learning will be profitable nowadays

 

     After researching that which language is on trend and which is on descend we also have discussed the pros and cons of different languages .We have also compared them to each other to get better outcome .according to me the beginner should start with baby steps from easy basic language which have strong background and wide support .This helps the beginners but no one can just stay on any one basic language because different platform ,users and system demands different language approach .

       due to this we should have multiple language knowledge  if asking me what I would like develop what is  my interest , then my answer will be simple “My interest is in robotics and A.I,I want to design my own robot(not terminator)” anyway talking other then my interest world is also demanding the A.I system in daily life . but A.I is in progress this will take time to gaining the top position . Till that point we can go with language that can be used across the different platform and going popular these days. The top five languages that every programmer should know before jumping off to practical life.

Python:

Nowadays python is gaining popularity in market. Python undoubtedly tops the list. It is widely accepted as the best programming language to learn first. Python is a fast, easy-to-use, and easy-to-deploy programming language that is being widely used to develop scalable web applications. YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest  are all build in Python coding.

 Python provides excellent library support and has a large developer community. The programming language provides a great starting point for beginners. Those who are looking for a better job  should definitely learn Python ASAP. A lot of Beginners are using Python as their primary backend stack .

C/C++

C/C++ is like the bread and butter of programming. Almost all low-level systems such as operating systems, file systems, etc are written in C/C++. If someone want to be a system-level programmer, C/C++ is the language you should learn. C++ is also widely used by competitive programmers owing to the fact that it is extremely fast and stable.

 C++ also provides STL - Standard Template Library. STL is a pool of ready-to-use libraries for various data structures, arithmetic operations, and algorithms. The library support and speed of the language make it a popular choice in the High-frequency.

JAVA

Java is another popular choice in large organizations and it has remained so for decades. Java is widely used for building enterprise-scale web applications. Java is known to be extremely stable and so, many large enterprises have adopted it. If someone looking for a development based job at a large organization, Java is the language that you should learn.

 Java is also widely used in Android App Development. Almost any business today needs an Android Application by the fact  there are billions of Android users today. This opens up a huge opportunity for Java developers.

Swift

    Swift is the programming language that is used to develop iOS applications. IOS-based devices are becoming increasingly popular. Apple iPhone, for instance, has captured a significant market share and is giving a tough competition to Android. So we should know swift for ios based device.

    Before Swift, Objective C was the primary language for development iOS apps. In 2018, Swift got huge popularity and became number 1 programming language for Apple and iOS operating systems. Swift is highly recommended for creating interactive and feature-rich tvOS, iOS and watchOS platforms. 

HTML/CSS

    Both HTML and CSS are fundamental tech skills you can start using to work on real projects within weeks of diving in. And they are the place to start if you want to work in tech, whether you end up going into front end development, back end development, web design, visual design, or even digital marketing.  There is a huge demand for these skills .

  HTML and CSS alone aren’t enough to get you any work in tech is a very narrow way of looking at it. So take a look at the kind of work you can get paid to do with those two skills

      HTML provides the structure while CSS provides the style and helps them to look better and more visually appealing. HTML is the basic building block of an app. This language dictates the structure and contents of a web page. The main disadvantage of HTML is that it can’t help developers make web apps interactive. To enhance HTML pages with an aesthetic style and interface prompts, add a design, and display all HTML elements, developers use CSS.

   HTML language is dynamic and allows you to create a beautiful website using less code. HTML is used to create a starting point for the website and is what most of your static pages starting from. While CSS is the language developers can use to style a website. The style sheet language describes how your website is presented and its layout. CSS is used hand in hand with HTML to add colors, backgrounds, layouts, font sizes, and more.

 Detailed note on each language will be on air stay tuned

Introduction to DATAbASE

 Introduction to Database

     A database is a data structure that stores organized information. Most databases contain multiple tables, which may each include several different fields. For example, a company database may include tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of these tables would have different fields that are relevant to the information stored in the table.

   Database, also called electronic database, any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval, modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations. A database management system (DBMS) extracts information from the database in response to queries.

     Nearly all e-commerce sites uses databases to store product inventory and customer information. These sites use a database management system (or DBMS), such as Microsoft Access, FileMaker Pro, or MySQL as the "back end" to the website. By storing website data in a database, the data can be easily searched, sorted, and updated. This flexibility is important for e-commerce sites and other types of dynamic websites.

     A database is stored as a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage, and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database. Records are also organized into tables that include information about relationships between its various fields. Although database is applied loosely to any collection of information in computer files, a database in the strict sense provides cross-referencing capabilities. Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search, rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregates of data.

The more explanation will be be on this blog soon.

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